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RAID - mysterious storage magic!

  RAID - what it is really? RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) combines multiple drives into one logical volume to improve performance, capacity, or redundancy ; choose the RAID level based on whether you prioritize speed (RAID 0), protection (RAID 1/6/10), or a balance (RAID 5/50/60) . What is RAID RAID groups two or more physical disks into a single logical unit so the system can stripe (split) data, mirror (duplicate) data, or store parity (recovery information) across drives. This lets systems present one large volume while gaining speed, fault tolerance, or both. Why RAID is useful RAID improves uptime, throughput, and usable capacity compared with single drives. It can prevent data loss from a single drive failure (depending on level), increase read/write performance for demanding workloads, and simplify storage management by exposing one logical disk to the OS. Common RAID types and how they work: RAID 0 (striping): Splits data across drives for maximum speed...
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Understanding USB types

 

Understanding USB Types: Appearance and Bandwidth

The Universal Serial Bus (USB) has become the cornerstone of modern connectivity. With a variety of types available, it’s essential to understand the differences, especially when it comes to their physical design and data transfer capabilities.


USB Type-A

Appearance: The most common USB type, USB Type-A, is recognized by its flat, rectangular shape. It’s the standard connector found on many devices.

Bandwidth:

USB 1.x: Up to 12 Mbit/s

USB 2.0: Up to 480 Mbit/s

USB 3.x: Up to 5 Gbit/s


USB Type-B

Appearance: USB Type-B ports are mostly used on printers and other peripheral devices. They have a square shape with slightly beveled corners on one end.

Bandwidth:

USB 1.x: Up to 12 Mbit/s

USB 2.0: Up to 480 Mbit/s

USB 3.x: Up to 5 Gbit/s


USB Type-C

Appearance: The newest type, USB Type-C, is known for its small, reversible connector. It’s becoming the new standard for modern devices.

Bandwidth:

USB 3.1/3.2: Up to 10 Gbit/s

USB4: Up to 40 Gbit/s


Micro-USB

Appearance: Micro-USB connectors are small and were commonly used in older smartphones and small electronic devices.

Bandwidth:

USB 2.0: Up to 480 Mbit/s


Mini-USB

Appearance: Mini-USB ports are smaller than USB Type-A but larger than Micro-USB. They were used in earlier mobile devices.

Bandwidth:

USB 2.0: Up to 480 Mbit/s


Thunderbolt 3 and 4 (USB-C)

Appearance: These use the USB-C port but offer higher data transfer rates and are often found on high-end laptops and devices.

Bandwidth:

Thunderbolt 3: Up to 40 Gbit/s

Thunderbolt 4: Up to 40 Gbit/s and more features

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