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Ambient occlusion - how use

  Ambient occlusion (AO) is a shading technique that darkens creases, corners, and contact points to add depth and realism; it began appearing in real‑time games around 2007 and today ranges from cheap SSAO to high‑quality ray‑traced AO — you can safely turn it off in many 4K scenarios to reclaim GPU performance with little perceived loss when other lighting tech (like DLSS and GI) is active. Quick guide — key decisions before you toggle AO Performance vs fidelity: Do you need maximum frame rate at native 4K, or the last bit of visual polish? Type of AO: SSAO/HBAO are cheaper; ray‑traced AO is expensive but more accurate. Other tech in use: If you use DLSS or path tracing, AO’s visual contribution may be redundant. Answering those helps decide whether to keep AO on or off. What ambient occlusion is Ambient occlusion simulates how much ambient (indirect) light reaches a surface by darkening areas where geometry blocks light, producing soft, contact shadows that make scenes feel ...
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microSD cards without secrets

 

How Do MicroSD Cards Work?

1. NAND Flash Memory:

    • MicroSD cards use NAND flash memory chips to store data.

    • These chips store data in the form of charges, using control and floating gates.

    • NAND is based on Electronically Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), allowing electronic programming and erasing.

    • Different types of NAND include:

      • Single-Level Cells (SLC): Store one bit per cell for faster data flow (expensive).

      • Multi-Level Cells (MLC): Store two bits per cell (slower but more economical).

      • Triple-Level Cells (TLC): Store three bits per cell (less powerful than SLC and MLC).

      • Quad-Level Cells (QLC): Store four bits per cell (slowest and cheapest).

      • 3D NAND: Multi-layered cells stacked for better endurance and performance.

        2. Data Storage & Retrieval:

    • Data is divided into sectors and distributed across memory cells.

    • No moving parts, allowing fast data transfer.

    • Micro SD cards work similarly to standard SD cards, using small-scale processors and NAND flash memory chips.

Remember, while manufacturers claim SD cards can last ten years, other factors like extreme temperatures, physical damage, or magnetic fields can impact their lifespan.

MicroSD Card Speeds

MicroSD cards come with different speed classes that indicate their performance capabilities. These speed classes help you choose the right card for your specific needs:

1. Speed Class (C-Class):

    • Denoted by a circular “C” symbol.

    • Four ratings within this class:

      • C2 (Class 2): Minimum write speed of 2MB/s.

      • C4 (Class 4): Minimum write speed of 4MB/s.

      • C6 (Class 6): Minimum write speed of 6MB/s.

      • C10 (Class 10): Minimum write speed of 10MB/s (industry standard).

  1. UHS Speed Class (UHS-I and UHS-II):

    • Denoted by a “U” symbol.

    • Two ratings within this class:

      • U1 (UHS Speed Class 1): Minimum write speed of 10MB/s.

      • U3 (UHS Speed Class 3): Minimum write speed of 30MB/s.

    • UHS-I cards have theoretical maximum transfer speeds up to 104MB/s, while UHS-II cards go up to 312MB/s.

      3. Video Speed Class:

    • Introduced for 4K-capable video recording devices.

    • Corresponds to minimum sustained writing performance for recording videos.

    • Examples of video formats and their necessary speeds:

      • 8K video: 90MB/s

      • 4K video: 60MB/s

      • Full HD / HD video: 30MB/s

      • Standard video: 10MB/s

    • U1 and U3 cards are often required for high-resolution video recording.

Why MicroSD Cards Fail with Video Storage

MicroSD cards can fail during video storage due to various reasons:

  • Write Endurance: Frequent video recording and overwriting can wear out the memory cells over time.

  • Heat: High temperatures can degrade card performance and lifespan.

  • Quality: Low-quality cards may have inconsistent performance or fail prematurely.

  • Compatibility: Some devices may not handle high-speed cards properly.

MicroSD Card Sizes

MicroSD cards come in different physical sizes:

  • Standard microSD: 15mm x 11mm x 1mm (most common).

  • microSDHC: High Capacity (up to 32GB).

  • microSDXC: Extended Capacity (above 32GB).

Types of MicroSD Cards

  1. Standard microSD: Used in various devices like smartphones, cameras, and drones.

  2. Industrial microSD: Designed for rugged environments (e.g., surveillance cameras).

  3. High-Endurance microSD: Optimized for continuous recording (dashcams, security cameras).

  4. Application-Specific microSD: Tailored for specific use cases (e.g., gaming consoles).

Remember to choose the right microSD card based on your device’s requirements and intended usage.



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